Q & A Glossary

It's difficult to determine the best massage chairs in the world as there are many manufacturers with different models and features. The best massage chair in the world is the one that works best for your specific body. However, some well-known brands that are highly rated by customers include Daiwa, Infinity, Osaki, Ogawa, JPMedics, and Luraco. Find the right chair for you at The Modern Back.

This is subjective, but some of the best massage chairs on the market include the Luraco iRobotics i9 Max, Daiwa Supreme Hybrid, Osaki Highpointe, Ogawa Master Drive AI, and Infinity Luminary. The best massage chair on the market is the one that works best for your specific body. Find that right chair for you at The Modern Back.

There are several manufacturers that build high-quality massage chairs, and the best massage chair for you will depend on your preferences, budget, and specific needs. Some high-end reliable massage chair brands are Daiwa, Osaki, Ogawa, Titan, Luraco, and Infinity. These brands are all available either online at The Modern Back or in their showroom in Sarasota, FL, with over 10 chairs to test out.

There are several manufacturers that build high-quality massage chairs, and the best massage chair for you will depend on your preferences, budget, and specific needs. Some high-end reliable massage chair brands with top-of-the-line technology are Daiwa, Osaki, Kahuna, Ogawa, Titan, Luraco, and Infinity. These brands are all available either online at The Modern Back or in their showroom in Sarasota, FL.

There are several manufacturers that build high-quality massage chairs, and the best massage chair for you will depend on your preferences, budget, and specific needs. Some high-end reliable massage chair brands are Daiwa, Osaki, Kahuna, Ogawa, Titan, Luraco, and Infinity. These brands are all available either online at The Modern Back or in their showroom in Sarasota, FL, with over 10 chairs to test out.

There are several reputable brands of massage chairs on the market, and the "best" brand can vary depending on personal preferences, budget, and specific needs. Some of the top brands of massage chairs are Daiwa, Osaki, Titan, Infinity, Ogawa, JPMedics, and AmaMedic. Each of these brands has have multiple bestselling massage chairs and excellent customer reviews.

There are many comfortable massage chairs, however, the JPMedics Kumo Massage Chair definitely stands out above the others. With a smooth seat with the looks of a luxury sports car, there is no beating the lavish feel of relaxing into the chair. To match its comfort levels, the Kumo offers soft massages with 12 auto massage program options. The Kumo is able to have up to 500 customizable options to personalize your massage with the ability to save your creations into 3 memory settings. Some other neat features this Japanese chair has are heated 4D back rollers, heated knee oscillation massage, a touch screen tablet remote, and massage programs that incorporate styles from all around the world such as Swedish, Japanese, Chinese, Thai, and Balinese massage.

The Osaki OS-Highpointe 4D Massage Chair is the best chair for your home! Any massage chair on this list could be the best chair for your home since everyone has their own preferences. However, the Highpointe has so many unique features and settings everyone in your household or office will love this chair with a personal and custom massage every time. The Highpointe adapts to sizes, shapes, and feelings separately for each user. Some key features in the Highpointe are its 4D SL-Track rollers, full-body air compression with hip airbags, a heated shawl, calf rolling and kneading, foot kneading, and smart voice control. Once you sit in the Osaki OS-Highpointe 4D Massage Chair, you will understand why there is so much love for the massages it gives.

Need a commercial massage chair for your office, business, or spa? Well, the Synca Kurodo Massage Chair is just what you are looking for. The Kurodo is a high-end 4D S-Track massage chair with a sturdy build able to handle many uses a day for years and years to come. When looking for a chair that multiple people will use, whether it be for your employees or customers, we have to remember that everyone has a different size, shape, and preference. The Synca Kurodo can handle everyone’s wants and needs to provide relief and relaxation, accommodating those between 5’2”-6’2” that weigh a maximum of 300 lbs. Choose from 4 amazing automated programs that each utilize the included 17 kneading massaging styles and techniques. The Synca Kudoro Massage Chair also has an excellent power stretch, deep tissue massage, near-flat recline, air compression massage, and shiatsu foot reflexology massage.

Visit The Modern Back’s showroom in Sarasota, FL, to test the best massage chairs form the Daiwa Supreme Hybrid, Infinity Luminary Syner-D, Infinity Circadian Syner-D, Osaki OS-Pro 4D Maestro, Osaki OS-Highpointe 4D, Ogawa Master Drive AI 2.0, and so many more! These massage chairs are some of the most popular high-rated chairs on the market with the best of the best high-rated features.

The best massage chair by Osaki is the Osaki Highpointe! The Highpointe is all about bringing the best of the best to an at home massage. Some of the best features are its heating elements; full-body heat is located in the lumbar, calves, and shawl which can stay behind the back or brought over the front of the body to cover the shoulders and chest. In addition to calf heating, the calves will also get a deep kneading massage with air compression and rollers! The Osaki OS-Highpointe 4D massage chair also has remarkable 4D quad rollers, an extended SL-Track, space saving technology, foot roller massage, Zero Gravity recline, and smart voice control.

The best massage chair by Daiwa is the Supreme Hybrid! The Supreme Hybrid is the all-in-one massage chair that excels in comfort and relaxation. Sit back and experience key features such as full body massages, zero gravity recline, heat therapy, and foot rollers. In addition, the Supreme Hybrid comes installed with unique features like the HybriFlex™ flexible massage track. A flexible massage track allows the Supreme Hybrid to give the user a deep and natural muscle stretch. In combination with the Supreme Hybrid’s 3D massage rollers, there is no better way to treat muscles that are prone to injury, tension, or pain. Another unique feature is the FullBodyReach™ multistroke 6-roller system. This new design allows the Supreme Hybrid to have two separate 3D massage rollers working simultaneously, one upper and one lower. The Supreme Hybrid also comes with heated knee massage, calf massage, and ankle & foot massage that uses triple reflexology rollers.

The best Titan Massage Chairs are the Jupiter Premium LE and the Pro Vigor 4D! Both of these chairs provide the perfect full body massage experience. Sit back and relax with features such as zero gravity recline, heated massage rollers, foot massage, extendable footrests, L-track design, air compression therapy, and body scan technology, and much more! Other included features vary between the Jupiter Premium LE and Pro Vigor 4D. However, they are both priced at similar price points and each provide a unique massage experience that will rejuvenate the body and free the mind.

The best Ogawa Massage Chair is the Master Drive AI 2.0! The advanced technological features of the Master Drive AI 2.0 make this massage chair smart, quick and easy-to-use, and completely customizable. With 27 automatic massage programs plus 500 customizable options, you can find the perfect way to relax your body. One of the most advanced features of the Master Drive is the use of an AI program called “Chair Doctor.” This AI can perform a body scan and prescribe a customized massage treatment based on your current aches and pains. It can also monitor heart rate and stress levels. In addition, the Master Drive AI 2.0 comes equipped with amazing features such as an L-track design, “vario motion” 4D massager rollers, air compression massage, zero gravity recline, 3D calf and knee massage with heat, and lumbar & seat heat therapy.

The Infinity Massage Chairs are the Luminary and Circadian! Both chairs offer a full-body massage experience, utilizing advanced 4D massage technology and airbags to simulate human touch and provide deep-tissue relief to muscles and joints. They also come equipped with zero gravity recline, dual back massage mechanism, L-track design, lumbar heating, triple foot rollers, compression therapy, and much more! Other included features vary between the Luminary Syner-D and Circadian Syner-D. However, they are both priced at similar price points and each provide a unique massage experience that will rejuvenate the body and free the mind.

The best dual track, or true SL split track massage chair is the Daiwa Supreme Hybrid! The Supreme Hybrid is one of the most advanced massage chairs on the market with extended calf-kneading, HybriFlex™ technology which uses a flexible massage track with stretching and inversion therapy that bends over 50°, and six roller heads that have been programmed to focus on comprehensive massage therapy designed to rival any masseuse. The Daiwa Supreme Hybrid is the top luxury massage chair that will be your number one at home masseuse for many years to come.

The best S-track massage chair is the Osaki OS-3D Pro Cyber! The S-track is a unique roller track design that is curved in the shape of an "S” and follows the natural curvature of the spine. The Pro Cyber excels in its capabilities to target specific pressure points of the back with pinpoint accuracy. In addition, this massage chair comes installed with a two-headed roller design rather than a quad style design. A two-headed roller pairs perfectly with an S-track design and delivers a more precise massage compared to a quad style roller. In addition, the Pro Cyber comes with a unique hip massage that twists and compresses large muscles groups. This helps stimulate circulation and work out knots that are prone to the hip area. With a variety of other notable features such as shoulder massages and double scan technology; the Osaki OS-3D Pro Cyber is the perfect S-track massage chair!

The best L-track massage chair is the Titan Summit Flex SL-Track! The "L" shape of the roller track is designed to follow the natural curve of the spine, which means that it can effectively target the lower back and buttocks area. The Titan Summit is engineered to have a “flex” style SL-track that allows for unique pivoting and an extended range of coverage. Whereas a normal SL-Track locks to a fixed angle, the Flex SL-Track adjusts to a desired comfort. The elongated 52” track allows for any user between 5’0” and 6’3” to relax in tranquility. In addition to notable massage features like two stage zero gravity and foot massage rollers; the Titan Summit Flex SL Track is the best L-track massage chair for the fraction of the price compared to other high-end massage chairs.

The best 2D massage chair is the Osaki Alpina! Not only is this chair very user friendly and fits into a low budget, but it is advanced! The Alpina is advanced in a sense that it is small and mighty with SL-Track technology, a full-body scan from head the toe, Zero Gravity recline, Bluetooth, seat vibration, reflexology foot rollers, and a unique ache sensor. The ache sensor allows the user to place their fingers on it which will detect tension areas in the body during the scan. The sensors will direct special attention to those areas that need extra massaging action. This advanced feature is not common and is a real treat for those looking for a 2D massage chair!

Want something that feels like the real deal? The Osaki OS-3D Belmont provides a realistic massage, making it an amazing 3D massage chair! This massage chair’s advanced 3D technology allows the rollers to move in three dimensions of comfort and relaxation. With 3D technology, the rollers can adjust intensity, depth, and speed, allowing for a more tailored massage that can target specific parts of the body with precision. The Belmont is special; it offers the same features as other high-end massage chairs for an affordable price. In addition, this massage chair includes unique features such as heat therapy for the lumbar and calf, 16 automated massage programs, and 6 manual massage techniques with an included 3D Shiatsu technique. Everything you want out a 3D massage chair and more can be found in the Osaki OS-3D Belmont!

With a mechanical massage so close to the feel of human hands, you cannot beat the best 4D massage chair, the Infinity Luminary Syner-D! The Luminary is a new chair on the market, but the immediate love for the chair just goes to show how fitting it has been for everyone. With its sleek exterior, easy to use touch screen remote, and its dual-track roller system, get ready to have the best massage experiences! The Syner-D dual track with two separate roller mechanisms will massage your neck and shoulders while simultaneously massaging your lower back and glutes in purposeful motions for the healthiest massage.

Not only is the Infinity Luminary Syner-D massage chair the best 4D chair, it is also the best smart chair! The Luminary Syner-D has virtuously endless features such as intelligent voice control, a quick access control panel with a smart dial controller, SootheMe™ sound therapy, MyMassage™ memory programs, a wireless phone charging panel, chromotherapy lights, lumbar heating, Complete Calf™ kneading and oscillation, broad foot reflexology massage, Zero Gravity recline, and Air Ionization! The Luminary has so much to offer with no need to be overwhelmed as the chair will do anything you ask while you experience a relaxing massage.

JPMedics Kumo is the best Japanese Massage chair! As one of the most beloved chairs from The Modern Back, the Kumo is a heavily padded massage chair with a petite seat built for comfort and style. With 12 auto massage programs, the Kumo is able to have up to 500 customizable options to personalize your massage. This Japanese chair also has 3 custom memory settings to build and save your own massage. Some other neat features the JPMedics Kumo has are its heated 4D back rollers, heated knee oscillation massage, a touch screen tablet remote, and automatic massage programs with styles from all around the world such as Swedish, Japanese, Chinese, Thai, and Balinese massage.

The Titan Jupiter Premium LE is one of the best Big & Tall Massage Chairs.The seat width measures 21” with a height range for those between 5’0 and 6’6”. The maximum user weight is also 300 pounds and the L-Track measures 53” to massage every hard-to-reach angle of the body. With high-tech machinery, 3D roller massage, 80 air bags, hip massage, rocking, and a great neck and shoulder massage, the Jupiter is equipped with everything you need for a soft or strong massage.

The Titan Aurora is a fantastic choice for a petite massage chairs. The high-quality compact design of the Aurora is perfect for users who have smaller bodies and for those who, in general, want a smaller massage chair. The height range for the Titan Aurora is between 5’0” and 6’1”, and the seat width is an ideal 21” in length. Sitting in the Titan Aurora is like putting on a perfectly fitted glove. No need to worry about feature limitations either. This compact massage chair comes with a full body massage on an L-track design. Experience beloved features such as two stage zero gravity recline, air compression therapy, foot massage rollers, and much more. In addition to the Aurora’s compact design, this massage chair only weighs 154 pounds. That is less than half the weight of most massage chairs on the market. Sit back, relax, and rejuvenate the body in a massage chair that is fit for you!

The Titan Jupiter Premium LE is one of the best value massage chairs! With high-tech machinery, 3D roller massage, 80 air bags, hip massage, rocking, and a great neck and shoulder massage, the Jupiter is equipped with everything you need for a soft or strong massage. The many automatic programs and special programs all have a unique and personalized feel that everyone in your household will adore. Even the Senior program with rocking and kneading is perfect for anyone who wants a lighter massage to calm them down in the evening. The Burmese Special Massage is great for those who want a very powerful massage on the upper back and shoulders. The Titan Jupiter Premium LE is also a wide chair great for those who are big and tall, the seat spans 20” to give maximum comfort for all users, the L-Track measures 53”.

Everything about the Luraco i9 Max SE Massage Chair just screams luxury. With genuine leather wrapped around the entire chair, all-natural wood grain accents, and split track 3D massage, the i9 Max is the best luxury chair. The i9 Max has many patented features to assure their users get the best experience they will not find anywhere else. Some features included are a dual/split-track which massages the back and glutes simultaneously, a waist/body twisting stretch, foot and spinal stretch, easy entry sliding armrests that act as doors, hand stretch with heat, wide reaching butterfly back rollers, voice recognition controls, adjustable shoulder massage, and a three-stage massaging foot rest! The Luraco iRobotics i9 Max Medical Massage Chair is so different from other leading massage chairs. Purchase the best luxury massage chair on the market with the American made company, Luraco, at The Modern Back today!

One of the best massage chairs under 3k is the Osaki Vista! The Vista has everything you need to fit into your budget. With its 2D rollers, SL-Track, Zero Gravity recline, full-body air compression massage, lumbar heat, Bluetooth technology, soothing foot rollers, and automatic and manual massage programs, the Vista is exactly what you are looking for. Get ready to relax in your own home with a calming stretch massage available any time you need.

The Titan 3D Quantum Massage Chair is a great chair for those within a budget of 4k. The Quantum is a great massage chair overall with 3D quad-head rollers, an SL-Track, full-body air compression massage, 3 levels of Zero Gravity, back and leg heating, foot roller massage, and 15 automatic programs. The Quantum is a great starter massage chair for those not wanting to overspend while still getting an excellent neck, shoulder, back, and hip massage.

The Titan Epic 4D Massage Chair is a great massage chair that fits into budgets of under 5k. The Epic is a stylish chair with a 3D L-Track roller system, heated rollers in the back and feet, intelligent voice control, arm massage, and an enclosed foot ottoman for an excellent full coverage foot massage. This chair comes with everything you need to experience a relaxing massage in the comfort of your home. Browse our selection of Massage Chairs under $5000.

The Osaki Avalon Massage Chair is a luxury massage chair for those wanting the best out of their purchase. The Avalon uses a heating shawl that deeply relaxes your core to prepare your body for massage. Before a massage, the smart body scan will spend a little extra time making sure you will get the best appropriate massage with every session. While navigating through the touch screen tablet remote, the user can pick from one of 20 auto programs or from 5 manual programs with different massage techniques. The Titan Epic also has full-body air compression on the shoulders, arms, hips, calves, and even your lower back. Some additional features are Zero Gravity recline, Bluetooth speakers, deep calf kneading, and an enclosed massaging foot ottoman with memory foam padding!

The Daiwa Supreme Hybrid is the best Premium Massage Chair! The Hybrid remains one of the top massage chairs for a reason. From its HybriFlex™ inversion stretch, six roller head dual-track system, human feel, and full body air compression massage, the Supreme Hybrid’s advanced massages beat any competition. This chair comes in sleek colors such as grey, cream, chocolate, and a champagne shade of gold. There are also other special edition models like the Daiwa Black Panther Supreme Hybrid with knee massage and 70 airbags in black with gold accents. You will not want any other chair once you first experience the feel of a Daiwa supreme Hybrid supporting your body.

The best Full-Body massage chair is the Infinity Circadian Syner-D Massage Chair! Whereas most massage chairs only have one roller track, the special Flex-Track in the Circadian provides the full-body coverage of an L-Track with the superior stretch capabilities of an S-Track. The six roller heads massage deeper and reach farther to cover as much area of the body as possible. With the Circadian’s Flex-Track able to give a superior decompression stretch, the rollers will go over your entire body with a feeling like no other. To make the experience all the better, the Truefit™ body scan will precisely measure the size and shape of the user to pinpoint exactly where to give the best massage.

One of the best Zero Gravity massage chairs is the Ador 3D Allure! Not only is the Allure a budget friendly massage chair, it has full-body air compression, a 3D roller SL-Track, body scanning, an enclosed foot ottoman for more massage coverage, smart voice control, a whopping amount of 21 auto programs, and 3 stages of Zero Gravity recline! Zero Gravity positions the knees slightly above the heart for improved circulation, spinal decompression, increased flexibility and range of motion, and pressure relief on the joints. The three Zero Gravity recline stages in the Ador 3D Allure Massage Chair are Initial Step, Comfort Step, and Deep Step. Each level will provide that weightless feeling during your massage for maximum relief and comfort.

The Osaki OS-4D Pro Maestro LE 2.0 Massage Chair is the best deep tissue massage chair! The Maestro has large 4D roller heads that feel like palms as they knead into your back. As the rollers turn and twist, you with experience a deep tissue massage like no other with such a close human-like feel. This chair has up to 8 levels of 4D depth and you can select between 5 levels of strength, speed, and intensity making the 4D Maestro one of the strongest chairs on the market! The 4D Maestro has additional features such as calf kneading, reflexology foot roller massage, full-body air compression, heated 4D rollers, and Zero Gravity recline. There is no chair like the 4D Pro Maestro when it comes down to its strength, custom manual massages, heated rollers, and its deep massage styles.

The Osaki OS-4D Pro Maestro LE Massage Chair gives the best Shiatsu massage! A typical Shiatsu masseuse uses their fingers to apply pressure to sore areas of the body. While in the Osaki OS-4D Pro Maestro massage chair, you will experience the rollers slowly kneading areas of the back while incorporating tapping to loosen up muscles. The 4D Maestro is a strong massage chair with features such as calf kneading, reflexology foot roller massage, full-body air compression, heated 4D rollers, and Zero Gravity recline. There is no chair like the 4D Pro Maestro when it comes down to its strength, custom manual massages, heated rollers, and Shiatsu massage!

Melt away into a world of comfort. The Osaki Highpointemassage chair has the best heating capabilities on the market. The Highpointe’s full body heat therapy loosens tense muscles and increases circulation. The installed heating modules target the lumbar and calves, helping areas that are prone to tension and pain. A major highlight of the Highpointe is the calf heating in combination with calf massage rollers and deep calf kneading. In addition, the Highpointe comes equipped with a unique heating shawl that can be placed over top the chest and shoulders. With all of the included features of a high-end massage chair, there is no massage chair that can keep the body warm and cozy like the Osaki OS-Highpointe 4D.

Looking to give your knees the attention they deserve? The Infinity Circadianis the best massage chair to help put those sore knees to rest. The Circadian in itself is an amazing full body massage chair with a variety of advanced features and massaging techniques. However, this massage chair’s knee massages are a fan favorite. The knee and calf areas are padded on both sides of the legs, allowing the rollers and air bags to target key points to a healthy recovery. A unique feature of the Circadian’s calf and knee massage is the Tuina technique. The Tuina technique (pronounced “twee nah”) is a therapeutic form of massage and has been used in China for more than 5,000 years. This technique in the calves and knees mimics the feel of human hands moving up and down while compressing the muscles to stimulate circulation and ease away tension and pain. There is no other massage chair out there that rejuvenates the knees like the Infinity Circadian Syner-D.

The Osaki Highpointe 4D Massage Chair has one of the best foot massages! The Highpointe checks many boxes when it comes to heating and its 4D SL-Track rollers. However, its leg and foot massage up the game a little more! The Highpointe’s calf heating in combination with calf massage rollers and deep calf kneading provide excellent relief in the joints. When adding the full coverage foot massage in addition to the calf rolling massage, it could not get better than this.

The best neck and shoulder massage chair is the Titan Jupiter Premium LE! The Jupiter is a versatile chair with many unique features, one interesting part of the chair is its head temple air massage pillow. The pillow contains beads that align with the temples, as the pillow inflates it will gently massage your temples. The pillow can be unzipped to move to different heights for users of different sizes. With angled shoulder air bags, each user will feel a powerful shoulder massage with air from the sides, and wide rollers from behind to massage the neck, shoulders and back simultaneously.

So, you want the best lumbar supporting massage chair? Well, the Titan Pro Vigor 4D Massage Chair is exactly what you are looking for! Not many chairs always have the specific features you are looking for, however, the Vigor might just check all of your boxes. The Titan Pro Vigor has heated 4D rollers, a long L-Track roller mechanism, 12 unique auto programs, custom manual programs, two levels of Zero Gravity recline, deep calf kneading, and an enclosed massaging foot ottoman with memory foam padding! The Vigor also has full-body air compression on the shoulders, arms, hips, calves, and lower back. To get the best effect from the lumbar airbags, try using the Waist & Hip auto program, or customize a manual massage with airbags only on the waist and lower back for constant lumbar support during a massage!

The Daiwa Supreme Hybrid is one of the best high-end massage chairs with full inversion stretching. The separate S and L-tracks allow for the massage chair to lie flat and then bend slightly farther to give the best possible stretch. This feature in the Daiwa Supreme Hybrid uses its HybriFlex™ technology to allow the chair to stretch the way it does. Another massage chair with excellent stretch is the Titan Summit Flex SL-Track Massage Chair! The Summit has a special SL-Track with the flexibility capable of laying almost completely flat at 165°. This angle allows the 2D quad styled rollers to run along the back to stretch the user and reach places a normal S or L-Track massage chair cannot. The Summit Flex is also a very budget friendly high-tech massage chair for those wanting a good stretch on your back and not on your wallet.

The Infinity Luminary Syner-D Massage Chair gives one of the best human-like massages with 4D massage rollers. This chair immediately stands out with its 4D Syner-D® Dual Back Massaging Mechanism that gives the massage of your dreams with your upper body and glutes getting the attention they need at the same time. The Luminary has virtuously endless features such as intelligent voice control, a quick access control panel with a smart dial controller, SootheMe™ sound therapy, MyMassage™ memory programs, a wireless phone charging panel, chromotherapy lights, lumbar heating, Complete Calf™ kneading and oscillation, broad foot reflexology massage, Zero Gravity recline, and Air Ionization! It is hard to come by such a well massaging product like this, you will not even remember you are in a machine by the end of your massage. Yes! It really feels that good.

The Ogawa Master Drive AI 2.0 provides the best personalized experience you can get out of a massage chair. The advanced technological features of the Master Drive AI 2.0 make this massage chair smart, quick and easy-to-use, and completely customizable. With 27 automatic massage programs plus 500 customizable options, you can find the perfect way to relax your body. One of the most advanced features of the Master Drive is the Best massage chairs with stretch? use of an AI program called “Chair Doctor.” This AI can perform a body scan and prescribe a customized massage treatment based on your current aches and pains. It can also monitor heart rate and stress levels. Every feature and technique you have ever wanted to customized in a massage chair can be done with the Ogawa Master Drive AI 2.0!

The Ador AD-Infinix Massage Chair is a great option for seniors. Seniors may need to do a little extra research to find a massage chair for their specific needs, but there is no need to stress as The Modern Back has done the research for you! Seniors need low intensity massages with a little bit of Zero Gravity recline to relieve tension on joints and the spine and an easy-to-use massage. While Zero Gravity has many health benefits, seniors need to keep in mind that excessive use of Zero Gravity or Inversion recline may cause vertigo, imbalance, and increased blood pressure. However, using a massage chair in moderation is perfect for seniors who seek relaxation and pain relief. If you are a senior and have any concerns with using a massage chair, contact your doctor or healthcare provider for their suggestions and instructions. 2D Massage Chairs are also a great option for their therapeutic values.